For rotor components in a rotating machinery, if there occurs a fault, the rotor’s vibration will increase rapidly and even result in serious damage. So the rotor needs a type of vibration energy absorption structure that has the feature of light weight and high energy absorption ratio. In this study, based on the negative Poisson ratio (auxetic) metamaterial, we propose an asymmetric star unit cell with negative Poisson ratio, and then design an arcshaped vibration attenuation structure suited for the rotor system. First, the unit cell of negative Poisson ratio is proposed and the metamaterial vibration attenuation structure is designed. Then, the collision model is established and corresponding simulation is carried out. The influences of some key parameters are investigated, e.g., the impact velocity and impact angle. It is found that for the low impact speed, the large impact angle will lead to a good energy absorption ratio; for the medium impact speed, the small impact angle will give a good energy absorption. Especially, for the high impact speed, the structure experiences plastic deformation and can reach a high energy absorption ratio. Finally, corresponding validation experiment was carried out on a rotor setup. For a rotor with two disks, the imbalance fault is produced. The experimental results show that the proposed negative- Poisson-ratio structure can attenuate the rotor vibration significantly, and absorb the vibration kinetic energy effectively.