The active vibration control of piezoelectric beam and plate structures was studied. The coupling dynamic equations of a piezoelectric cantilevered beam and a rectangular piezoelectric plate under the Kirchhoff assumption were established, respectively. The independent modalspace control method was used to achieve the active vibration control of the first two modes of the piezoelectric structures. In order to improve the vibration suppression effect of the active control, the influence of the layout of a piezoelectric actuator on the beam was analyzed through numerical simulations, and the optimal layout of the piezoelectric actuator adhered to the cantilevered beam was obtained. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of piezoelectric actuators for response control of cantilevered beams under free vibration and modal resonance were verified by experiments.