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桥梁工程中动力学与控制研究进展*

  • 康厚军1,2

    机 构：

    1. 广西大学 土木建筑工程学院, 南宁 530004

    2. 广西大学 工程力学研究中心, 南宁 530004

    ×
  • ，韩艳3

    机 构：

    3. 长沙理工大学 土木工程学院, 长沙 410114

    ×
  • ，徐军4

    机 构：

    4. 湖南大学 土木工程学院,长沙 410082

    ×

1. 广西大学 土木建筑工程学院, 南宁 530004；
2. 广西大学 工程力学研究中心, 南宁 530004；
3. 长沙理工大学 土木工程学院, 长沙 410114；
4. 湖南大学 土木工程学院,长沙 410082；

Advances on Dynamics and Control in Bridge Engineering*

  • Kang Houjun1,2

    Affiliation：

    1. School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004 , China

    2. Scientific Research Center of Engineering Mechanics, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004 , China

    ×
  • ，Han Yan3

    Affiliation：

    3. School of Civil Engineering, Changsha University of Technology, Changsha 410114 ,China

    ×
  • ，Xu Jun4

    Affiliation：

    4. College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082 , China

    ×

1. School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004 , China；
2. Scientific Research Center of Engineering Mechanics, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004 , China；
3. School of Civil Engineering, Changsha University of Technology, Changsha 410114 ,China；
4. College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082 , China；

通讯作者:

康厚军,E-mail:hjkang@gxu.edu.cn

中图分类号:O327;U441

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1672-6553-2023-21(4)-001-006

DOI:10.6052/1672-6553-2022-051

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目录contents

    摘要

    土木工程中的动力学与控制问题不仅涉及各个二级学科的多个研究方向,同时也与动力学与控制学科的各研究方向息息相关,涉及面太宽.因此,本专刊将范围聚焦到了桥梁工程中的动力学与控制问题.简要回顾了桥梁的局部构件和整体模型的自由振动,不同荷载作用下的动力学问题,特别是非线性振动问题,以及拉索的振动控制研究.最后为进一步的研究提出了一些想法.

    Abstract

    The research of dynamics and control in civil engineering not only involves multiple research directions of various secondary disciplines, but also closely is related to the research directions of dynamics and control discipline, which covers too broadly. Therefore, this special issue only focuses on the dynamics and control in bridge engineering. The free vibration of local components and the overall model of the bridge is briefly reviewed, the dynamics under different loads is involved, especially the nonlinear vibration problem, and the vibration control of the cable is also paid attention. Finally, some ideas are proposed for further research.

  • 引言

  • 近三十年来，我国土木工程得到了快速发展，修建了大量高层高耸结构、大跨空间结构和大跨桥梁结构.与此同时，我国是地震、台风、洪水等灾害高发国家，很多地区经常受地震、强台风侵袭和洪水冲击.大型土木工程结构一旦遭受地震、强台风作用将可能发生大幅振动、甚至倒塌，严重危及人民生命财产安全，可能造成巨大损失.一方面，土木工程结构向着高柔和细长发展; 另一方面，极端环境荷载越来越频繁.这导致土木工程中的动力学与控制问题越来越突出，越来越多的学者致力于动力学的理论建模、求解方法、动力学特性的理论与实验研究，以充分理解结构的动力学特性，从而推进结构动力行为的预测、振动的控制和利用.

  • 动力学与控制研究在土木工程领域一直非常活跃，不仅为我国重大工程建设和安全运营提供了理论支撑，也为国防和交通领域的基础建设发展了关键技术.虽然目前在理论建模、非线性动力响应分析、动力损伤评估、结构灾变机理、振动控制等方面的研究取得了相当大的成就，但由于工程问题本身的复杂性，仍存在很大困难.与此同时，随着土木工程的发展，新的问题不断出现，为保障工程建设和运营安全，动力学与控制问题还迫切需要进一步开展持续深入的研究.为了及时总结土木工程中动力学与控制研究的最新成果，我们特在《动力学与控制学报》组织了“土木工程中的动力学与控制”专刊，旨在征集和报道相关研究中的创新性研究成果和工程应用中的新进展.由于土木工程中的动力学与控制问题涉及到多个学科的交叉问题，以及问题本身的宽泛性和复杂性，同时由于期刊对篇幅的限制，我们仅仅刊登了部分相关文章.本期刊主要刊登了桥梁工程中的动力学与控制相关成果，希望能起到抛砖引玉的作用，让更多的相关成果在《动力学与控制学报》发表，同时促进土木工程学科与动力学与控制学科的交叉发展.

  • 1 自由振动研究

  • 桥梁工程的自由振动研究是对各类桥梁动力学基本特性的认识和理解，也是流固耦合动力学、车桥耦合动力学、冲击动力学、地震响应、健康监测、模态识别、荷载识别等正问题和反问题研究的基础.因此，得到了广泛的关注和研究.

  • 1.1 关键构件自由振动

  • 由于早期计算手段的限制，关于桥梁自由振动的研究主要通过简化手段，将拱桥简化为简单的拱结构，将斜拉桥简化为弹性支撑梁，悬索桥简化为悬索，各类梁桥简化为简支梁或连续梁.早期研究均涉及的是线性振动问题，后来随着计算方法的发展，开始了这些简单构件的非线性自由振动研究.Foda[1]应用多尺度法研究了剪切变形和转动惯量对简支梁非线性自由振动的影响; Eisley[2]发现矢跨比在较小的范围内增加使浅拱一阶模态趋向软弹簧特性，当超过一个临界值，该趋势发生逆转而趋向硬弹簧特性; Irvine和Caughey[3]建立了具有小垂度效应的现代索结构动力学模型，并求得相应的模态解.目前研究的难点在于对非理想边界条件的模拟，如:斜拉桥中短斜拉索两端的边界条件和悬索桥吊杆的边界条件.

  • 1.2 桥梁自由振动

  • 基于桥梁整体模型的自由振动问题的理论研究始于梁桥，后来延伸到了复杂桥梁.Maleki[4]推导了板梁单跨斜桥的解析解，并推广到连续板梁斜桥的自由振动[5].关于复杂桥梁自由振动的研究，基本是基于有限元法的相关商业软件或程序，Chen和Xiao[6]建立了一种基于随机有限元的算法，研究了悬索桥的概率自由振动.基于传递矩阵法，赵跃宇和康厚军[7，8]建立了拱桥吊装施工过程的索拱力学模型，对施工过程的面内面外刚度变化进行了研究.王志搴等[9]建立了悬索桥的面内自由振动模型和全局自由振动理论; 康厚军等[10]建立了上承式、中承式和下承式拱桥的统一模型和全局动力学理论，在本期专刊中作者将工作拓展到了多跨拱桥[11]; 苏潇阳等[12]建立了漂浮式、半漂浮式、固结式斜拉桥的统一模型和全局动力学理论.刘炎等[13]建立了未来新型交通方式的悬浮隧道的自由振动模型.在此基础上，丛云跃等[14]总结了拱桥、斜拉桥和悬索桥等的全局动力学和局部振动问题，基于不同刚度尺度对结构的贡献，提出并定义了复杂桥梁结构的全局模态和局部模态概念.

  • 2 荷载作用下的桥梁响应

  • 桥梁结构在整个服役过程中不可避免的遭受各种各样的外部荷载作用，已经造成桥梁的大幅振动和坍塌等严重事故.因此，桥梁的荷载响应研究受到工程部门和学术界的广泛重视.桥梁结构主要由上部结构和下部结构组成.上部结构主要承受自然环境的风荷载、雨荷载、雪荷载，以及风雨、风雪等组合荷载作用，甚至偶尔承受爆炸荷载作用; 同时还承受车辆荷载、人行荷载、以及滚石、车、船、漂浮物等的撞击、以及流水的冲刷.下部结构主要承受地震荷载.因此，桥梁结构的动力学问题相当突出.

  • 针对上述荷载作用的桥梁动力学行为，已开展了大量的研究[15].桥梁上部结构的动力学与控制问题涉及结构模态、频率和阻尼等振动特性[16]、风和水与结构的相互作用等的流固耦合动力学[17]、车桥耦合动力学[18]、车与船对桥梁的撞击动力学[19，20]、地震响应等动力学[21]、以及多种作用的耦合动力学[22]和相应的控制[23]研究.这些荷载实际工程中几乎均为随机激励，但在结构机理研究中多将其简化为谐波荷载.孔凡等[24]针对随机激励作用下1/2分数阶线性系统提出非平稳响应解析解的求解方法进行了研究.这里需要指出的是，上面问题中的任何一个在桥梁工程中都是一个大的研究方向，这里不再深入讨论.

  • 桥梁结构非线性动力学研究是当前的热点研究方向.吴先强等[25]针对温度对悬索桥主缆动力学的影响，考虑支座运动引起的参数共振以及模态间1∶2内共振，基于全局分岔理论，系统探究温度变化对悬索全局动力学行为.李聪等[26]研究不同相位下的端部激励对悬索亚谐波响应的影响，研究发现，两端荷载的相位差将对悬索的响应幅值和共振区间等动力学行为产生重要影响，王志搴[27]建立了斜拉桥的多索-单梁耦合结构的动力学模型，并对非线性特性进行了研究，发现结构单模态假设在非共振区域能反映结构的非线性特性，但是在共振区域，结构的非线性特性会发生跳跃变化，应用2自由度模态理论进行研究更为准确.

  • 3 振动控制研究

  • 振动控制是土木工程结构动力学研究的终极目标.基于对结构自由振动特性和荷载作用下的动力学行为深入认识，开展相应的振动控制研究是一个重要方面.涡激振动的控制是大跨度桥梁的关键问题之一[28]，使桥梁的截面根据空气动力学进行了优化设计，但由于涡激涉及到结构的阻尼、雷诺数，甚至桥梁的各种附属构件，振动控制相当困难.为探究涡激振动下，矩形断面绕流场的模态演化规律及涡振发生机理，洪泽宇等[29]基于雷诺平SSTk-ω模型对宽高比为5∶1的矩形断面的涡激振动进行了二维数值模拟研究.为研究Π型主梁断面的涡振特性及预测其响应，韩燕等[30]针对钢Π型梁斜拉桥，在风洞中测试了不同质量与不同阻尼比的主梁涡振特性，通过自由振动试验识别了主梁的动力参数，并提取了不同风速下主梁的幅变阻尼比及幅变频率，建立了主梁的涡激力模型; 同时通过涡激力模型实现了不同阻尼比下主梁涡振振幅及涡振区间的预测.涡激振动只是风致振动的一种类型，风致振动还包括颤振、抖振、驰振，以及风雨振，甚至风雪振等.阻尼器是振动控制的关键器件，目前主要包括被动控制用的调谐质量阻尼器，调谐液体阻尼器、电涡流阻尼器、黏性阻尼器等[31，32].由于自供电技术的发展和电能的多源化发展，主动和半主动控制目前成为了工程领域主攻方向[33].

  • 索/吊杆的振动控制是拱桥、斜拉桥和悬索桥的重要研究内容[34].阻尼器减振是拉索振动控制的主要措施，目前拉索-阻尼器系统的主要分析方法为复模态法.虽然采用复模态法可以精确分析拉索-阻尼器系统的阻尼比和频率等主要特征参数，但采用复模态法求出的拉索复振型由于不包含减振所需要的参数而研究较少.拉索-阻尼器系统的振型对研究阻尼器的减振效果具有非常重要的意义.陈志等[35]采用复模态法求解了拉索-阻尼器系统，基于复振型的物理意义，引入相位函数，提出了一种改进的实数分离变量法，分析了阻尼力在拉索中的传递特征; 建立了拉索-阻尼器系统的改进实模态分析方法.目前，基于非线性理论的拉索振动控制研究成为了新的研究热点.王志搴[36]研究了增益参数对索-梁耦合结构的分叉控制，发现无论结构是单自由度系统还是两自由度系统，反馈控制增益参数常数项和一次项的变化能明显有效地改变系统在共振情形下的幅值.苏潇阳等[37，38]建立了索-黏性阻尼器模型和索-调谐质量阻尼器模型，以及相应的非线性动力学理论，研究发现非线性对振动控制有重要影响，阻尼器不仅耗散系统的能量，同时通过与索相互作用产生能量传递.近年来，调谐质量惯容阻尼器在各个工程领域被广泛应用于振动控制的研究，汪志昊等[39]、李寿英等[40]研究了惯性质量阻尼器和黏性惯性质量阻尼器对斜拉索的振动控制，李阳等[41]利用调谐质量惯容阻尼器对高耸脱硫塔风振进行控制.

  • 4 结论与展望

  • 土木工程中的动力学与控制问题相当宽泛，限于篇幅，专刊主要刊登了针对桥梁工程中动力学与控制的理论、方法与实验研究成果.同样限于篇幅，本文主要针对专刊论文涉及的相关研究问题，根据目前的研究热点进行部分拓展和讨论.通过本文的研究和调研，我们对土木工程和动力学与控制学科的交叉发展，给出一些浅见.

  • （1）基于大数据和人工智能开展土木工程中复杂、高柔、细长结构的非线性动力学研究.这类结构由于非常复杂，建立相应的精确理论和基于此的计算方法难度相当大，甚至不太可能实现.基于大数据和人工智能的特点，进行数据驱动建模可能给相应的困难打开一扇窗.

  • （2）基于超材料和智能材料的主动控制可能成为今后相当长时间土木工程与动力学与控制学科研究的方向.超材料和智能材料均基于先进设计理念，具有传统材料不具备的特有功能，可为土木工程中的振动问题提供新的解决方案.

  • （3）振动控制与利用的协同发展将可能为土木工程结构的主动控制提供能源.过去相当长时间发展被动控制的主要原因之一就是很难为主动控制提供连续不断的能源.目前能源来源的多元化，以及高效大容量的储能装备为主动控制技术发展提供了条件.

  • （4）高维高效的计算分析方法将一直是土木工程和动力学与控制学科永远不变的一个研究方向.虽然大数据和人工智能给土木工程振动与控制问题带来了新思路，但建模、计算和分析方法仍然是基础.

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  • 基本信息

    中图分类号: O327;U441
    文献标识码: A
    DOI: 10.6052/1672-6553-2022-051
    文章编号: 1672-6553-2023-21(4)-001-006

    基金信息

    国家自然科学基金资助项目(11972151)；
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(11972151)；

    引用信息

    稿件历史

    收稿日期: 2023-03-20

  • 参考文献

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