This paper investigates the dynamic buckling of a composite slender column under axial impact loads. Coupled axial and lateral vibration equations are constructed by using the constitutive equation of one layer and D′Alembert′s principle. The analytical solution of axial motion is derived by employing Laplace transform, and the transverse response is also studied by applying Galerkin′s method. The influences of impact mass, impact velocity, and fiber angle on the dynamic buckling time and the contact duration are evaluated. Results show that the dynamic buckling time decreases with the increase of impact mass, impact velocity, and fiber angle. However, the impact velocity and fiber angle show negligible influence on the contact duration.