This paper presented an approach of structural damage identification with the damage index of generalized flexibility matrix based on Quantumbehaved Particle Swarm Optimizationalgorithm. According to the relationship between the changes of structural physical parameters and generalized flexibility matrix difference of structural before and after damage,the generalized flexibility matrix identification issue was changed into intelligent optimization issue. Optimization issue was solved by Quantumbehaved Particle Swarm Optimizationalgorithm, and then the structural damageconditionwas identified with the damage location and damage extent at the same time. Finally, a numerical simulation of simple beam was applied to verify the effectiveness of the method herein.